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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">β-Amyloid</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable hintergrundfarbe-basis infobox float-right" id="Vorlage_Infobox_Protein_1.C.50" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:350px;" summary="Infobox Protein">
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Β-Amyloid
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
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<td colspan="3" class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller; font-weight:bold;">Stäbchen-/Bändermodell von Aβ42; nach <a href="Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1IYT">1IYT</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Molare_Masse" title="Molare Masse">Masse</a>/Länge <a href="Prim%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Primärstruktur">Primärstruktur</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">40/42 Aminosäuren
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<td><a href="Pr%C3%A4kursor-Proteine" title="Präkursor-Proteine">Präkursor</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="Amyloid-Precursor-Protein" title="Amyloid-Precursor-Protein">Amyloid-Precursor-Protein</a>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Bezeichner
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<td>Gen-Name(n)
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<td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;">Abeta40, Abeta42
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<td>Externe IDs
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="">
<ul><li><a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P05067">P05067</a></li></ul>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Transporter-Klassifikation
</th></tr>
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<td><a href="Transporter_Classification_Database" title="Transporter Classification Database">TCDB</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=1.C.50">1.C.50</a>
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<td><a href="Membrantransport" title="Membrantransport">Bezeichnung</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">ABPP
</td></tr>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Vorkommen
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;">Homologie-Familie
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hogenom.univ-lyon1.fr/query_sequence?seq=P05067">Beta-Amyloid</a>
</td></tr>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;">Übergeordnetes <a href="Taxon" title="Taxon">Taxon</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="Wirbeltiere" title="Wirbeltiere">Wirbeltiere</a>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table><p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p><b>β-Amyloid</b> (<b>Aβ</b>, u. a. <b>Amyloid-beta 40 (Aβ40)</b> und <b>Amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42)</b>) sind <a href="Peptid" title="Peptid">Peptide</a>, die durch Zerschneiden des <a href="Amyloid-Precursor-Protein" title="Amyloid-Precursor-Protein">Amyloid-Precursor-Proteins</a> (APP) mit Hilfe der <a href="Enzym" title="Enzym">Enzyme</a> <a href="Beta-Sekretase" title="Beta-Sekretase">Beta-</a> und <a href="Gamma-Sekretase" title="Gamma-Sekretase">Gamma-Sekretase</a> entstehen, wobei aber noch weitere Faktoren vorhanden sein müssen. Da insbesondere in <a href="Senile_Plaques" title="Senile Plaques">senilen Plaques</a> hauptsächlich <a href="N-Terminus" title="N-Terminus">N-terminal</a> verkürzte Peptide gefunden werden (z. B. Aβ4-42, Aβ2-42), müssen weitere Proteasen involviert sein. Ihre biologische Funktion ist ungeklärt, es wurde jedoch vorgeschlagen, dass sie eine <a href="Antimikrobielle_Substanz" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimikrobielle Substanz">antimikrobielle Funktion</a> haben.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aβ40 und Aβ42 gelten als <a href="Neurotoxisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotoxisch">neurotoxisch</a>. Insbesondere die vom Aβ42 abstammenden Peptide habe eine starke Tendenz, sich aneinander zu lagern und dabei unterschiedlich große Aggregate zu bilden, die auch unlöslich sein können. Im normalen <a href="Stoffwechsel" title="Stoffwechsel">Stoffwechsel</a> werden diese Peptide kontinuierlich erzeugt, lagern sich aber nicht ab. Beide Peptide sind als Ablagerungen in Gehirn und Blutgefäßen von <a href="Alzheimerkrankheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzheimerkrankheit">Alzheimerkranken</a> und <a href="Down-Syndrom" title="Down-Syndrom">Down-Syndrom</a>-Patienten zu finden. Man nimmt daher an, dass eine Verhinderung dieser Ablagerungen (dazu gehören auch die senilen Plaques) die Symptome dieser Krankheiten verbessern würden.<sup id="cite_ref-u_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Des Weiteren finden sich derartige Ablagerungen in den Blutgefäßen von Menschen mit <a href="Zerebrale_Amyloidangiopathie" title="Zerebrale Amyloidangiopathie">zerebraler Amyloidangiopathie</a>, wo sie zum Schlaganfall führen können.
</p><p>In einer neuen Studie konnte gezeigt werden, dass Beta-Amyloid auch nach einem schweren <a href="Sch%C3%A4delhirntrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Schädelhirntrauma">Schädelhirntrauma</a> im Gehirn abgelagert wird.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4847_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4847-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von den Ablagerungen ist interessanterweise nicht primär die <a href="L%C3%A4sion" title="Läsion">Läsion</a> betroffen, sondern andere Bereiche des Gehirns, vor allem das <a href="Striatum" title="Striatum">Striatum</a>. Dort befinden sich auch bei <a href="Morbus_Alzheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbus Alzheimer">Morbus Alzheimer</a> häufig Veränderungen. Eine Verbindung zwischen einem schweren Schädelhirntrauma und einer späteren <a href="Demenz" title="Demenz">Demenz</a> konnte jedoch noch nicht bewiesen werden.
</p><p>Eine wissenschaftliche Studie hat ergeben, dass Amyloid-beta eine zentrale Funktion bei der Informationsverarbeitung im Gehirn hat. Eine bestimmte Menge des Proteins ist für die Übertragung von Informationen an Neuronen notwendig. Da die derzeitigen Forschungen zur Bekämpfung von Alzheimer hauptsächlich darauf ausgerichtet sind, Medikamente zu entwickeln, die Protein-Plaques abbauen, muss diese neue Erkenntnis miteinbezogen werden.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gründe_für_erhöhte_Aβ_Mengen"><span id="Gr.C3.BCnde_f.C3.BCr_erh.C3.B6hte_A.CE.B2_Mengen"></span>Gründe für erhöhte Aβ Mengen</h2></div>
<p>Weitere Faktoren für die Veränderungen von Aβ40/42 sind genetische Prädispositionen, wie
</p>
<ul><li>Veränderung des APP durch <a href="Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a> des <i>APP</i>-<a href="Gen" title="Gen">Gens</a> (familiärer Alzheimer Typ 1)<sup id="cite_ref-u_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Vorliegen von gewissen <a href="Allel" title="Allel">Allelen</a> des <a href="Apolipoprotein_E" title="Apolipoprotein E">Apolipoprotein E</a> (familiärer Alzheimer Typ 2).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Veränderungen der gamma-Sekretase in ihren <a href="Pr%C3%A4senilin" class="mw-redirect" title="Präsenilin">Präsenilin</a>-Untereinheiten (Typ 3 und 4)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>erhöhte Produktion des APP, wie beim Down-Syndrom</li></ul>
<p>Diese seltenen Veränderungen am <a href="Genom" title="Genom">Genom</a> können allein ausreichen, um Aβ in genügenden Mengen und damit auch Schäden entstehen zu lassen.
</p><p>Darüber hinaus existieren ernährungsbedingte Risikofaktoren wie der <a href="Cholesterin" title="Cholesterin">Cholesterinspiegel</a>: bei Cholesterinmangel bilden sich <i>in vitro</i> Beta-Amyloid-Peptide nicht. Damit zu tun hat möglicherweise, dass Aβ-Produktion ausschließlich in <a href="Lipid_Raft" title="Lipid Raft">Lipid Rafts</a> der Zellmembran stattfindet und dass diese Gebilde vornehmlich aus Cholesterin bestehen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Es scheint allerdings weitere Risikofaktoren zu geben. Mehrere Arzneistoffe erhöhen die Aβ42-Produktion auf gefährliche Level <i>in vitro</i> und im Mausmodell. Verdächtigt werden spezifische Hemmer für die <a href="Cyclooxygenase_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclooxygenase 2">Cyclooxygenase 2</a> und gewisse <a href="Isoprenoide" title="Isoprenoide">Isoprenoide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxizität"><span id="Toxizit.C3.A4t"></span>Toxizität</h2></div>
<p>Für den Mechanismus der Neurotoxizität der Peptide gibt es mehrere Erklärungsversuche. Zum einen könnten die Peptide <a href="Ionenkanal" title="Ionenkanal">Ionenkanäle</a> in der Zellmembran der <a href="Neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuron">Neuronen</a> bilden. Möglicherweise aber handelt es sich eher um kleine, aber zahlreiche Membrandefekte, die von Amyloiden verursacht werden und die für die Schädigungen verantwortlich sind.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amyloid_beta?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Beta-Amyloid</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Soscia SJ, Kirby JE, Washicosky KJ, Tucker SM, Ingelsson M et al. (2010): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009505">The Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Amyloid β-Protein Is an Antimicrobial Peptide.</a></i> <a href="PLoS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLoS ONE">PLoS ONE</a> 5(3): e9505. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009505">10.1371/journal.pone.0009505</a></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-u-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-u_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-u_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P05067">P05067</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Masters CL, Simms G, Weinman NA, Multhaup G, McDonald BL, Beyreuther K: <cite style="font-style:italic">Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Proc._Natl._Acad._Sci._U.S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</a></cite> 82. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, Juni 1985, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4245–9</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3159021?dopt=Abstract">PMID 3159021</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC397973/">PMC 397973</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%92-Amyloid&rft.atitle=Amyloid+plaque+core+protein+in+Alzheimer+disease+and+Down+syndrome&rft.au=Masters+CL%2C+Simms+G%2C+Weinman+NA%2C+...&rft.date=1985-06&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.pages=4245-9&rft.pmc=397973&rft.pmid=3159021&rft.volume=82.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4847-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4847_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young T. Hong, Tonny Veenith, Deborah Dewar, Joanne G. Outtrim, Vaithianadan Mani, Claire Williams, Sally Pimlott, Peter J. A. Hutchinson, Adriana Tavares, Roberto Canales, Chester A. Mathis, William E. Klunk, Franklin I. Aigbirhio, Jonathan P. Coles, Jean-Claude Baron, John D. Pickard, Tim D. Fryer, William Stewart, David K. Menon: <i>Amyloid Imaging With Carbon 11–Labeled Pittsburgh Compound B for Traumatic Brain Injury.</i> In: <i>JAMA Neurology.</i>, S. , <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4847">10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4847</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ScienceDaily: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091123114813.htm">Alzheimer's: Destructive Amyloid-Beta Protein May Also Be Essential for Normal Brain Function</a></i> (gesehen am 25. November 2009).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abramov et al.: <i>Amyloid-β as a positive endogenous regulator of release probability at hippocampal synapses</i> <a href="Nature_Neuroscience" title="Nature Neuroscience">Nature Neuroscience</a>, 2009; <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2433">10.1038/nn.2433</a></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P02649">P02649</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strittmatter WJ, Weisgraber KH, Huang DY, <i>et al</i>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Binding of human apolipoprotein E to synthetic amyloid beta peptide: isoform-specific effects and implications for late-onset Alzheimer disease</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</cite> 90. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, September 1993, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8098–102</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8367470?dopt=Abstract">PMID 8367470</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC47295/">PMC 47295</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%92-Amyloid&rft.atitle=Binding+of+human+apolipoprotein+E+to+synthetic+amyloid+beta+peptide%3A+isoform-specific+effects+and+implications+for+late-onset+Alzheimer+disease&rft.au=Strittmatter+WJ%2C+Weisgraber+KH%2C+Huang+DY%2C+...&rft.date=1993-09&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=17&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.pages=8098-102&rft.pmc=47295&rft.pmid=8367470&rft.volume=90.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P49768">P49768</a>, <a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P49810">P49810</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simons M, Keller P, De Strooper B, Beyreuther K, Dotti CG, Simons K: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cholesterol depletion inhibits the generation of beta-amyloid in hippocampal neurons</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</cite> 95. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, Mai 1998, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6460–4</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9600988?dopt=Abstract">PMID 9600988</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27798/">PMC 27798</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%92-Amyloid&rft.atitle=Cholesterol+depletion+inhibits+the+generation+of+beta-amyloid+in+hippocampal+neurons&rft.au=Simons+M%2C+Keller+P%2C+De+Strooper+B%2C+...&rft.date=1998-05&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.pages=6460-4&rft.pmc=27798&rft.pmid=9600988&rft.volume=95.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cordy JM, Hussain I, Dingwall C, Hooper NM, Turner AJ: <cite style="font-style:italic">Exclusively targeting beta-secretase to lipid rafts by GPI-anchor addition up-regulates beta-site processing of the amyloid precursor protein</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</cite> 100. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>20</span>, September 2003, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11735–40</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1635130100">10.1073/pnas.1635130100</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504402?dopt=Abstract">PMID 14504402</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC208827/">PMC 208827</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%92-Amyloid&rft.atitle=Exclusively+targeting+beta-secretase+to+lipid+rafts+by+GPI-anchor+addition+up-regulates+beta-site+processing+of+the+amyloid+precursor+protein&rft.au=Cordy+JM%2C+Hussain+I%2C+Dingwall+C%2C+...&rft.date=2003-09&rft.doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1635130100&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=20&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.pages=11735-40&rft.pmc=208827&rft.pmid=14504402&rft.volume=100.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fassbender K, Simons M, Bergmann C, <i>et al</i>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Simvastatin strongly reduces levels of Alzheimer's disease beta -amyloid peptides Abeta 42 and Abeta 40 in vitro and in vivo</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</cite> 98. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, Mai 2001, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5856–61</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.081620098">10.1073/pnas.081620098</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11296263?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11296263</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33303/">PMC 33303</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%92-Amyloid&rft.atitle=Simvastatin+strongly+reduces+levels+of+Alzheimer%27s+disease+beta+-amyloid+peptides+Abeta+42+and+Abeta+40+in+vitro+and+in+vivo&rft.au=Fassbender+K%2C+Simons+M%2C+Bergmann+C%2C+...&rft.date=2001-05&rft.doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.081620098&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.pages=5856-61&rft.pmc=33303&rft.pmid=11296263&rft.volume=98.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kukar T, Murphy MP, Eriksen JL, <i>et al</i>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Diverse compounds mimic Alzheimer disease-causing mutations by augmenting Abeta42 production</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Nat._Med." class="mw-redirect" title="Nat. Med.">Nat. Med.</a></cite> 11. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, Mai 2005, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>545–50</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1235">10.1038/nm1235</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15834426?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15834426</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%92-Amyloid&rft.atitle=Diverse+compounds+mimic+Alzheimer+disease-causing+mutations+by+augmenting+Abeta42+production&rft.au=Kukar+T%2C+Murphy+MP%2C+Eriksen+JL%2C+...&rft.date=2005-05&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fnm1235&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Med.&rft.pages=545-50&rft.pmid=15834426&rft.volume=11.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Transporter_Classification_Database" title="Transporter Classification Database">TCDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcdb.org/tcdb/index.php?tc=1.C.50">1.C.50</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green JD, Kreplak L, Goldsbury C, <i>et al</i>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Atomic force microscopy reveals defects within mica supported lipid bilayers induced by the amyloidogenic human amylin peptide</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">J. Mol. Biol.</cite> 342. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, September 2004, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>877–87</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2004.07.052">10.1016/j.jmb.2004.07.052</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15342243?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15342243</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%92-Amyloid&rft.atitle=Atomic+force+microscopy+reveals+defects+within+mica+supported+lipid+bilayers+induced+by+the+amyloidogenic+human+amylin+peptide&rft.au=Green+JD%2C+Kreplak+L%2C+Goldsbury+C%2C+...&rft.date=2004-09&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2004.07.052&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=J.+Mol.+Biol.&rft.pages=877-87&rft.pmid=15342243&rft.volume=342.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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